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Flaws and Logical Fallacies
Catalogue of standard reasoning errors NUET tests — name the flaw and you've half-answered the question.
01
Top flaws to recognise
| Flaw | Pattern |
|---|---|
| Correlation ≠ causation | X and Y co-occur, so X causes Y |
| Hasty generalisation | From a small/biased sample to ‘all’ |
| Ad hominem | Attacking the speaker, not the argument |
| Straw man | Misrepresenting the opposing view |
| False dichotomy | Treating two options as exhaustive |
| Circular reasoning | Using the conclusion as a premise |
| Appeal to authority | X is true because expert says so |
02
How to find the flaw
- State the conclusion in one sentence.
- List premises.
- Ask: is there an obvious gap, or a step that doesn't follow?
- Match the gap to the catalogue.
Жаттығу
‘My grandfather smoked all his life and lived to 95, so smoking is harmless.’ What flaw?
Жауап пен түсініктемені көру
Жауап: Hasty generalisation (single anecdote vs population statistics).
One case isn't a sample; the population data still shows smoking is harmful.